In this article, I would like to introduce you to using Protostar for writing smart contracts on StarkNet. I will get you through the whole development cycle, including: Initializing the project Writing a contract Unit testing a contract Deploying it on testnet This article is currently based on the 0.6.0…

In this article, we will explore the concept of Traits and Structs in the context of Cairo 1.0 language, a high-level language designed for creating provable programs for general computing. We will take a deep dive into how Traits and Structs work in Cairo 1.0, …

Cairo 1.0 is a high-level programming language that is used to create provable programs for general computing. It is written in Rust, and its syntax is somewhat similar to Rust. In this article, we will discuss some of the key features of Cairo 1.0, …

Exploring Cairo 1.0: A Rust-like High-level Language for Provable Programs (1/6) Discuss some of the key features of Cairo 1.0, including variable declaration, constant declaration, variable variability, function declaration, function return, arithmetic operation of felt252, Boolean type, short string, tuple and tuple destruction. (2/6) The comparison and arithmetic operations on integer and felt252 types, and type conversion between integer and…

Introduction One of the key data structures in programming is the array, and Cairo 1.0 provides a built-in implementation of arrays as a data type. In this post, we’ll discuss how to create an array in Cairo 1.0 and how to append and remove elements from it using the append and…

In this guide, we will walk you through the process of setting up Protostar and Cairo1. This includes installation, verification, upgrading, creating a new project, running tests, compiling, declaring new contracts, and deploying them. Please note: 1. Protostar is not currently supported on Windows. 2. This guide is based on…

Supporting Cairo Compiler 1.0.0rc0 The new version of Protostar now supports the Cairo Compiler 1.0.0rc0. This means you can now write your contracts and tests using the latest and greatest features of Cairo1! With Cairo1’s cutting-edge features, developers can work more efficiently and securely. For those who love being at the forefront of technology…

In this article, we’ll explore some key features of Cairo 1.0, including control flow for if expressions, enums with associated values, match expressions, and Option. Control Flow for If Expressions In Cairo 1.0, if expressions can be used for control flow. The syntax for if expressions is similar to that of Rust, where the condition…

Cairo 1.0 is a high-level language designed for creating provable programs for general computing. It has a syntax that is similar to Rust, which makes it a good choice for programmers who are already familiar with Rust. In this post, we will explore some of the key concepts in Cairo…

In this article, we will explore the comparison and arithmetic operations on integer and felt252 types, and type conversion between integer and felt252 types in Cairo 1.0. We will also demonstrate how to write test cases for these operations to ensure that our code is correct. Integer types Cairo 1.0 provides a…

A Quick Guide to Tornado Tornado Cash is a decentralized finance (DeFi) protocol that allows users to make anonymous transactions on the Ethereum blockchain. The protocol uses smart contracts to create private and secure transactions, giving users more control over their financial privacy. What is Tornado Cash? Tornado Cash is a non-custodial smart contract…

The best Solidity developers can program in Yul (an intermediate language used in Solidity code compilation) and understand the EVM. They do this because it helps them understand security vulnerabilities and optimize their code to make it efficient. They also do this because it's fun. …

What exactly is a zkSNARK, you ask? Well, today we’re going to answer that question by peeking into the rabbit hole. First of all, what exactly is a zkSNARK? zkSNARKs stand for zero-knowledge Succinct Non-interactive ARguments of Knowledge. They are essentially a proof that some computation (with potentially private inputs) has been run. Every step of the computation…

We shed some light on integrating zero knowledge circuits into your smart contracts and subsequently into a dApp. Introduction The world of Zero Knowledge (ZK) cryptography has been all the rage in the past few months. As new zkRollups and zkEVMs are announced, the crypto world has turned its attention the…

Preface In our previous article, we reviewed the technical features of mainstream ZKP implementation solutions and mentioned the potential extensibility risks associated with certain ZKP algorithms. In this article, we will continue to demonstrate the attack principles and defense methods from a practical perspective. Vulnerability Overview Extensibility attacks on ZKP refer to the…

Over the past few years, the use of deepfakes for malicious purposes has exploded. Deepfakes have been used to steal funds from unsuspecting investors, and even to convince soldiers to surrender. The rise of deepfakes has partially been driven by the rise of generative artificial intelligence (AI) methods, like Stable…

TL;DR ZK technology offers a secure and cheap way for cross-chain communication Cross-chain communication protocols are still in their early stages but promise to allow Dapps to access data on different chains The DeFi and development sectors stand to benefit from the development of cross-chain Dapps The impact of cross-chain Dapps…

TL;DR Cairo 1.0-alpha.3 was just released. Added new language features that will be supported in Starknet alpha v0.11.0, expected in two weeks. New Features Cairo 1.0 continues to move forward, providing developers with the ability to write richer applications and taking another step towards feature compatibility with Cairo 0. Notable features in…

Today we’re going to give the first of tutorial series on SNARKs. We’ll start a little bit about SNARK design, what SNARKs even are, and how they’re built. SNARKs are pretty exciting right now as they’re being built for blockchain scalability. …

I’ve started to deal with the technology of zero-knowledge proofs because I was curious if it was possible to create an anonymous, unhackable voting system on the blockchain. Paper-based voting (like the Elections) is a very expensive way of voting. …